What is a tool bit?

The term tool bit generally refers to a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers. Such cutters are also often referred to by the set-phrase name of single-point cutting tool. The cutting edge is ground to suit a particular machining operation and may be resharpened or reshaped as needed. The ground tool bit is held rigidly by a tool holder while it is cutting.

Back Rake is to help control the direction of the chip, which naturally curves into the work due to the difference in length from the outer and inner parts of the cut. It also helps counteract the pressure against the tool from the work by pulling the tool into the work.

Side Rake along with back rake controls the chip flow and partly counteracts the resistance of the work to the movement of the cutter and can be optimized to suit the particular material being cut. Brass for example requires a back and side rake of 0 degrees while aluminum uses a back rake of 35 degrees and a side rake of 15 degrees.

Nose Radius makes the finish of the cut smoother as it can overlap the previous cut and eliminate the peaks and valleys that a pointed tool produces. Having a radius also strengthens the tip, a sharp point being quite fragile.

All the other angles are for clearance in order that no part of the tool besides the actual cutting edge can touch the work. The front clearance angle is usually 8 degrees while the side clearance angle is 10-15 degrees and partly depends on the rate of feed expected.

Minimum angles which do the job required are advisable because the tool gets weaker as the edge gets keener due to the lessening support behind the edge and the reduced ability to absorb heat generated by cutting.

The Rake angles on the top of the tool need not be precise in order to cut but to cut efficiently there will be an optimum angle for back and side rake.

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bit

All About Cermet Inserts

Cermet inserts can't quite replace the coated carbide inserts in heavy roughing operations with interrupted cuts, but in semifinishing and finishing cermet inserts outperform carbide. They permit a higher surface speed while maintaining an acceptable surface finish with good tolerance holding property and increased tool life. Because the cermet surface is slick it presents less friction to the chip flowing over the cutting edge which decreases the possibility of build-up when machining high alloy steels and cold-formed, low-carbon steels. Cermet inserts are available from several suppliers with a wide selection of pressed-in chipbreaker configurations or ground-in chipbreakers.

The cermet inserts work at surface speeds from 100 to 1000 sfpm. On multi-spindle-automatics, positive inserts made of cermets avoid build-up encountered when running carbide inserts with low surface speeds. Also cratering is reduced due to the low heat transfer properties of the cermet material.

The recommended cutting speed for turning unalloyed steel with approximately 200 HB is 250 to 800 sfpm with 0.002" to 0.015" fpr and depth of cut of 0.004" to 0.150". Alloy steels up to hardness of 300 HB will have satisfactory tool life when machined between 200 and 600 sfpm with the depth of cut and feedrate mentioned above.

Face milling with cermet inserts can be achieved with the same cutting speeds as turning with chip loads per insert from 0.002" to 0.12". Milling is performed dry, while turning can be dry or with coolants.

Up to the present, cermets are widely used in Japan with good results in reducing machining costs. They deserve a greater consideration for material removal in the United States.

COPYRIGHT 1989 Gardner Publications, Inc.